====== Challenges and Limitations of SCADA ======

===== Cybersecurity Threats =====

Modern SCADA systems are increasingly integrated with open networks and IT technologies, exposing them to various cybersecurity threats. Initially designed as isolated systems relying on proprietary protocols, they are now vulnerable to hacking, viruses, and unauthorized access.

A notable example occurred in February 2021, when unknown actors gained access to the SCADA system of a water treatment plant in Oldsmar, Florida. By manipulating settings, they attempted to increase the concentration of sodium hydroxide (lye) in the drinking water to dangerous levels. Fortunately, the operator quickly noticed the unauthorized change and restored the correct parameters, preventing a potential public health hazard.

**Causes of vulnerabilities:**
<WRAP round>
  * Lack of security considerations in the original design – many older SCADA systems were not designed with cybersecurity in mind, making them vulnerable to attacks.
  * Integration with IT networks – connecting SCADA systems with IT networks increases the risk of threats spreading from one network to another.
</WRAP>

**Consequences of attacks:**
<WRAP round>
  * Disruption of industrial processes – attacks can lead to interruptions in key processes, resulting in financial and operational losses.
  * Threats to public safety – manipulation of SCADA systems can cause failures in critical infrastructure, endangering lives and public health.
</WRAP>

**Preventive measures:**
<WRAP round>
  * Network segmentation – separating SCADA networks from IT networks using VLANs or firewalls minimizes the risk of cross-network threats.
  * Data encryption – implementing encryption protocols to secure communication within the systems protects against eavesdropping and data manipulation.
  * Regular updates and patches – systematically updating software and firmware reduces vulnerabilities to known security flaws.
</WRAP>

===== High Implementation and Maintenance Costs =====

Implementing SCADA systems involves significant financial investment, including the purchase of hardware, software, and personnel training. Additionally, the complexity of the system creates challenges in maintaining operational continuity and minimizing operator errors.

**Cost components:**
<WRAP round>
  * Hardware infrastructure – purchasing servers, PLCs, sensors, and other necessary devices.
  * Software – licenses, databases, and analytical tools.
  * Training – educating personnel on system operation and maintenance.
</WRAP>

**Financial consequences:**
<WRAP round>
  * High operational costs – these can negatively impact a company's profitability, especially during the initial implementation phase.
  * Risk of downtime – failures or errors in the system can lead to costly production stoppages.
</WRAP>

**Cost minimization strategies:**
<WRAP round>
  * Gradual implementation – dividing the system rollout into stages allows for better budget and resource management.
  * Leveraging existing infrastructure – integrating SCADA with pre-existing systems can reduce the cost of new hardware.
  * Outsourcing – delegating system management to specialized firms may be more cost-effective than maintaining an in-house team.
</WRAP>

===== Integration of Legacy Systems with Modern Solutions =====

Many enterprises use outdated SCADA systems that were not designed to work with modern technologies. Integrating these systems with new solutions presents a significant challenge.

**Integration problems:**
<WRAP round>
  * Lack of communication standards – older systems often use proprietary protocols, making it difficult to connect them with modern devices.
  * Limited functionality – legacy systems may not support new features or technologies such as cloud computing or IoT.
  * Increased risk of failures – integration may lead to unforeseen issues, affecting the stability of the entire system.
</WRAP>

**Solutions:**
<WRAP round>
  * Using communication gateways – these devices translate the protocols of older systems into formats compatible with modern technologies.
  * Modernizing infrastructure – gradually replacing outdated components with new ones that comply with current standards.
</WRAP>